Metal smart card with dual interface capability

ABSTRACT

A dual interface smart card, and methods for the manufacture thereof, having a metal layer, an IC module, with contacts and RF capability, and a plug formed of non RF impeding material, disposed in the metal layer. The plug provides support for the IC module and a degree of electrical insulation and isolation from the metal layer. Embodiments of the card include at least one additional layer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/742,813 (status: allowed), which is a U.S. national phase application of PCT International Application No. PCT/US2015/039535, filed Jul. 8, 2016, both titled: METAL SMART CARD WITH DUAL INTERFACE CAPABILITY, both of which are incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to “smart” cards and, more particularly, relates to smart cards which have at least one metal layer and are capable of radio frequency transmission (RF) and physical electrical interfacing. In particular, the invention relates to dual interface (i.e., capable of contactless and/or contact operation) smart cards having a metal layer and a rich and aesthetically pleasant appearance.

Smart cards are highly desirable and are in wide use, including: in payment and ticketing applications, such as mass transit and motorway tolls; in personal identification and entitlement schemes on regional, national, and international levels; in citizen cards; in drivers' licenses; in patient card schemes; and in biometric passports to enhance security for international travel.

A smart card is a card that includes embedded electronic circuitry such as an integrated circuit (IC) chip that can be either: (a) a secure microcontroller, also referred to as a microprocessor, or equivalent intelligence device with internal memory; or (b) a memory chip alone. A smart card connects or couples to a card reader with direct physical contact and/or with a remote contactless radio frequency interface.

There are three general categories of smart cards of interest. They are referred to herein as (1) contact, (2) contactless and (3) dual interface. (1) A “contact” smart card includes an IC chip connected to a conductive contact plate on which are mounted a number of physical contact pads (typically gold plated) located generally on the top surface of the card. A contact smart card must be inserted into a contact type smart card reader and transmission of commands, data, and card status takes place over the physical contact pads. (2) A “contactless” smartcard contains an IC chip and a card antenna by means of which RF signals are coupled between the smart card's chip and the antenna of a card reader. This permits wireless (e.g., RF) communication between the card and a card reader with no direct electrical contact between the card and the card reader. A contactless smart card requires only close proximity to a reader. Both the reader and the smart card have antennae, and the two communicate using radio frequencies (RF) over a contactless link. Most contactless cards also derive power for the internal chip from electromagnetic signals emitted by the card reader. The range of operation may vary from less than an inch to several inches. (3) A “dual-interface” smart card has, typically, a single IC chip (but could have two) and includes both contact and contactless interfaces. With dual-interface cards, it is possible to access the IC chip(s) using a contact and/or a contactless interface.

It is desirable to make dual interface smart cards which can provide “contactless” and/or “contact” capability. It has also become very desirable and fashionable to make cards with one or more metal layers. A metal layer provides a desirable weight and a decorative pattern and/or reflective surface enhancing the card's appearance and aesthetic value. This is especially desirable for use by high-end customers. It is therefore desirable to make dual interface (contacts and contactless) smart cards having a metal layer.

However, several problems arise in the making of dual interface (“contactless” and “contact”) smart cards with a metal layer because of conflicting requirements. By way of example, to construct a dual interface smart card, the contact pads associated with the IC chip need to be located along an external surface (top or bottom, but normally top) of the card to make contact with a contact card reader and the IC chip will generally be located near the top surface. However, any metal layer in the card interferes with radio-frequency (RF) communication signals (e.g., attenuates) between the card and the reader, and this could render the contactless smart card useless. So, a dual interface smart card with a metal layer needs to solve the problem of RF interference with respect to the IC chip. Compounding the problem is the requirement that the dual interface metal smart card have a highly sophisticated appearance. Due to the prestige and aesthetic aspect of these cards it is desirable that there be no perceptible depression or bump along the surface of the card, except for the contact pads.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A dual interface smart card embodying the invention includes a top metal layer with a non-metallic plug formed within the metal layer to enable the placement of an IC module about the plug so the card can function as contact and/or contactless card.

At the same time the card is made to have a relatively smooth and beautiful external surface.

In general, a hole (opening or cut-out) is formed in the plug for locating an IC chip module about the center area of the plug so the IC module is isolated and insulated from the metal layer. Thus, the plug functions to provide a physical separation and a degree of electrical insulation between the chip module and the metal layer in the horizontal and vertical directions. In addition, the hole in the plug provides a pathway for RF transmission. The chip module includes contacts which extend along the same horizontal surface as the metal layer to enable contact capability with a contact card reader and the chip module extends within the plug's hole to enable contactless (RF) operating capability.

In a particular embodiment the metal layer is a relatively thick layer having a top surface which defines the top surface of the card. A plug is formed in the metal layer below the top surface so the plug is not seen from the top and does not affect the appearance of the card. The lateral dimensions of the plug are greater than the lateral dimensions of the chip module to provide insulation and isolation. A hole is formed vertically down through the plug and an underlying ferrite layer to form a passageway for RF signals to pass between a card booster antenna and an IC module chip antenna. The lateral dimensions of the hole plug are smaller than the lateral dimensions of the IC chip module.

A dual interface smart metal card embodying the invention includes a metal layer in which is disposed an integrated circuit (IC) module to provide contactless (RF) and contact capability. The metal layer has a top surface and a bottom surface extending generally parallel to each other. At least two different sized cut outs are formed in the metal layer, one above the other, both cut outs extending in the horizontal plane, symmetrically about the same center line. One cut out is formed to position and nestle the IC module within the top surface of the metal layer and to enable the IC module, which has contacts to make to a card reader. The IC module and its corresponding one cut out have a depth of approximately D1, a length L1 and a width W1. The other cut out (also called a “pocket”), underlying the one cut out, extends from the bottom surface of the metal layer until a distance D1 from the top surface. The pocket is made to have a length L2 greater than L1 and a width W2 greater than W1 to enable RF transmission between the IC module and a card reader. A non-metallic plug designed to fit snugly within the pocket fills the pocket and is attached to the walls of the pocket. The plug has a centrally located opening having a length L3 which is smaller than L1 and a width W3 which is less than W1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be understood more completely from the following detailed description of presently preferred, but nonetheless illustrative, embodiments in accordance with the present invention, with reference being had to the accompanying drawings, which are not drawn to scale, but in which like reference characters denote like components; and

FIG. 1 is a simplified, isometric diagram of a smart card 10 with a metal layer 30, embodying the invention;

FIG. 1A is a highly simplified, idealized isometric diagram of an integrated circuit (IC) module capable of contactless and contact operation intended for use in making smart cards embodying the invention;

FIG. 1B is a simplified idealized cross sectional diagram of the IC module of FIG. 1A used in the card shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 2 includes cross sectional diagrams of various processing steps (1 through 7) to form a card embodying the invention;

FIG. 3A is a simplified cross sectional diagram of a card being made as shown in step 5 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 3B is a top view of a card being formed as shown in FIG. 3A with a plug (34) and the opening (36) formed in the plug;

FIG. 3C is a top view of the top layer of a card embodying the invention formed in accordance with the process shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 includes cross sectional diagrams of various processing steps (1 through 5) to form a card according to another aspect of the invention;

FIG. 5A is a cross sectional diagram corresponding to step 4 of FIG. 4 showing a plug and openings formed in the plug prior to insertion of an IC module;

FIG. 5B is a top view of a card having the cross section shown in FIG. 5A showing the plug and openings formed in the plug prior to insertion of an IC module formed in accordance with FIG. 4;

FIG. 5C is a top view of a card formed according to the process steps shown in FIG. 4 and as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B with an IC module inserted in the opening for the module; and

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional diagram showing a masking layer formed on a card such as the one shown in FIG. 5C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An integrated circuit (IC) module 7 having multiple contacts as shown in FIG. 1A is to be mounted in, and on, a card 10 as shown in FIG. 1 with the top surface of the IC module and its contacts generally flush with the top surface of the card. By way of example it is shown that the length, width and depth of the card may respectively be approximately 3.37 inches by 2.125 inches by 0.03 inches. For purpose of illustration and the discussion to follow, assume, as shown in FIG. 1A, that the IC module has a depth D1, a length L1 and a width W1. Modules such as IC module 7 are commercially available, for example, from Infineon or NXP. The lateral dimensions of some of these modules were approximately 0.052 inches by 0.47 inches with a depth ranging from 0.005 inches to more than 0.025 inches. These dimensions are purely illustrative and IC modules used to practice the invention may be greater or smaller in size.

As shown in FIG. 1B, IC module 7 contains an internal microprocessor chip 7 a, a chip antenna 7 b and a contact pad 7 c. Pad 7 c may be a conventional multi-contact pad used in contact-type smart cards and is positioned to engage contacts in a contact card reader (not shown) when the smart card is inserted therein. An epoxy blob 7 d encapsulates the bottom side of the IC module. The epoxy blob allows the IC module to be easily attached (e.g., by gluing) to an underlying surface.

As noted above, the invention is directed to the manufacture of a smart metal card having dual interface capability and also having a top surface which is free of any bumps or depressions, except for: (a) the IC module and its contacts, and/or (b) any design or texture intentionally formed on the top surface. In accordance with the invention, a card can be made to have a highly aesthetic, smooth and visually pleasing appearance even though the card must include dual interface capability (i.e., contact and contactless capability). That is, smart cards having a metal layer as a top surface, for aesthetic reasons, must include an IC module and its associated contacts. For the card to be used in a contact mode, the contacts of the IC module have to be located along an exterior surface of the card. Typically, the contacts are located along the top surface of the card; although the contacts could conceivably be located along the bottom surface of the card. To enable effective wireless (RF) transmission there has to be a cut out (opening) in the metal layer underlying and surrounding the IC module. A challenge is to produce these cut outs (openings) in the metal layer without affecting the smooth, aesthetic, exterior (e.g., top) appearance of the card.

A method of forming a card in accordance with the invention includes the structure and processing steps illustrated in FIG. 2.

-   -   1—A metal layer 30 is selected which is intended to serve as the         top layer of a card 10 (as shown in step 1 of FIG. 2). The metal         layer 30 has a top (front) surface 301 and a bottom (back)         surface 302; the front and back surfaces are generally parallel         to each other. The thickness (D) of the metal layer 30 may range         from less than 0.01 inches to more than 0.02 inches. In one         embodiment the metal layer 30 was made of stainless steel and         its thickness was 0.0155 inches. Metal layer 30 may, by way of         example and not by way of limitation, be selected to be iron,         tantalum, aluminum, brass, copper or any alloy or compound         thereof.     -   2—A pocket 32 is formed along the underside of layer 30. It may         be referred to as a reverse pocket formed starting from the         bottom surface of metal layer 30 (as shown in step 2 of FIG. 2).         The pocket 32 may be formed in any known manner including, but         no limited to: milling, casting, 3D printing, laser cutting,         water jet electro-discharge (EDM). The pocket 32 has a top 321         which ends a distance (or thickness) D1 below top surface 301,         where D1 is typically equal to (or nearly equal to) the depth of         the IC module 7. The depth (thickness) D2 of pocket 32 is then         equal to (D−D1) inches. D2 will generally always be set to equal         the depth D of the metal layer 30 minus the thickness D1 of the         IC module used to form the card. The pocket 32 may be of regular         or irregular shape, a rectangular solid or a cylinder whose         planar projection in the horizontal plane may be a square, a         rectangle or a circle. The lateral dimensions [length (L2) and         width (W2)] of the pocket 32 can be, respectively, equal to or         greater than the lateral dimensions [length L1 and width W1] of         the IC module as further discussed below. In the embodiments L2         and W2 are shown to be, respectively, greater than L1 and W1,         but that is not a necessary condition.     -   3—A plug 34 of any material which does not substantially         interfere with RF transmission (e.g., any non-metallic material,         or even a material such as tungsten or a composite thereof) is         formed or shaped to conform to the dimensions of the milled         pocket 32 and is inserted in the pocket to fill the milled (cut         out) region (as shown in step 3 of FIG. 2). As discussed below         the plug functions to electrically isolate and insulate the IC         module from the metal layer and to also physically secure the IC         module. The interior of the pocket 32 and/or the exterior of the         plug 34 is/are coated with a suitable adhesive (e.g., such as         acrylic or acrylic modified polyethylene, cyanoacrylate,         silicone elastomer, epoxy) so the plug 34 adheres firmly to the         walls of the pocket throughout the processing of the metal layer         in the formation of the card. The plug 34 may be made of any         thermoplastic material such as PET, PVC or other polymer or any         material such as curable resin or epoxy or a ceramic or even of         tungsten material which does not significantly impede radio         frequency (RF) transmission.     -   4—As shown in step 4 of FIG. 2, an adhesive layer 42 is used to         attach a ferrite layer 44 to the back surface 302 of layer 30.         The ferrite layer 44 is placed below the metal layer 30 to act         as a shield (reflector) to prevent/reduce metal layer 30 from         interfering with radio frequency radiation to and from the smart         card. Ferrite layer 44 decreases the “shorting” effect of metal         layer 30 for enabling transmission or reception via antenna 47.         Those skilled in the art will appreciate that it would also be         possible to form or lay out the ferrite material in a different         manner.         -   Also, an adhesive layer 46 is used to attach a plastic             (e.g., PVC) layer 48 which contains and/or on which is             mounted a booster antenna 47. Layer 48 may be made of PVC or             polyester and may be between 0.001 and 0.015 inches thick.             The windings of booster antenna 47 may range from less than             80 microns to more than 120 microns in diameter and may be             secured to layer 48 by ultrasonic welding or heating the             wire prior to placing it in contact with the plastic layer             or by any other suitable process. A layer 52 which includes             a signature panel and a magnetic stripe may be attached to             layer 48 before or after lamination. Layers 42, 44, 46, 48             (and possibly 52) may be formed as a sub-assembly 40 and             attached to the bottom side 302 of metal layer 30.     -   5—The assembly comprising layers 30, 42, 44, 46 and 48 is         laminated (as indicated in step 5 of FIG. 2) to form a card         assembly 50.     -   6—A hole (or opening) 36 is then formed (e.g., by milling)         through the metal 30 to a depth D1 from the top surface and,         concurrently, a hole 362 is then formed in plug 34, (e.g., by         drilling about the center of the plug 34) and through the         underlying layers 42, 44 and 46 until layer 48, as shown in step         6 of FIG. 2. The lateral dimensions of hole 36 formed in the         metal layer 30 are designed to correspond to the dimensions L1         and W1 of the IC module 7 so the IC module can be inserted in         the hole (opening) 36. The lateral dimensions of the hole 362         formed in the plug 34 will be L3 and W3, where L3 and W3 are         less than L1 and W1. So made, plug ledges 341 a will provide         support for the IC module and keep it at its designed height of         D1 below the top card surface. The IC module can be snugly         inserted and attached to the sides of opening 36 and to top 341         a of the plug 34. That is, the IC module can be inserted with         tight clearance and glued in place. The smaller hole (opening)         362 formed below hole 36 accommodates the rear (bottom) end of         module 7. Hole 362 extends vertically down through ferrite layer         44 and is made sufficiently wide to enable RF signals to pass         between antenna 47 and the chip antenna 7 b.

With respect to the operation of the card, booster antenna 47 is designed to capture radio frequency energy generated by an associated card reader (not shown) and to communicate with the card reader. By design, module antenna 7 b is sufficiently close to couple inductively with antenna 47, thereby providing signals from antenna 47 to chip 7 a, while keeping the chip electrically isolated from antenna 47. In operation, ferrite layer 44 shields metal layer 30, to make it possible for radio frequency radiation to enter and be emitted from card 10. In operation, ferrite layer 44 shields metal layer 30, to make it possible for radio frequency radiation to enter and be emitted from card 10. Booster antenna 47 is designed to capture radio frequency energy generated by an associated card reader (not shown) and to communicate with the card reader. By design, module antenna 7 b is sufficiently close to couple inductively with antenna 47, thereby providing signals from antenna 47 to chip 7 a, while keeping the chip electrically isolated from antenna 47.

-   -   7—As shown in Step 7 of FIG. 2, an IC module 7 which, as shown         in FIG. 1B, includes a chip 7 a, a chip antenna 7 b and a set of         contacts 7 c is positioned within hole 36. The IC module 7 is         glued in place completing the formation of a card embodying the         invention.         -   To appreciate the appearance of the card as finally formed             reference is first made to FIG. 3A (which is essentially a             copy of step 6 of FIG. 2) and to FIG. 3B. FIG. 3B is a top             view of the card being formed showing the openings (36 and             362) formed in the metal and the plug. Note the hole 36 in             metal layer 30 will have edge(s) 361 and the hole 362 in the             plug and the underlying layers 42, 44, 46 will have edge(s)             345/367. The portion of the plug 34 below region 341 b and             the outer edge 343 of the plug will not be seen. Hence outer             edge 343 is shown with dashed lines.         -   The resultant FIG. 3C is a top view of a card 10 showing the             module 7 mounted and inserted in the top of the card. The             plug 34 is not seen since it is underneath the metal layer.             Thus, the top surface of a card 10 formed in accordance with             the process steps shown in FIG. 2 displays a completely             smooth unbroken metal surface (except for the contact pad of             the IC module). The underlying plug is covered (hidden) by             an overlying metal region. Significantly, the card having             the desired beautiful physical appearance can function as a             wireless (contactless) card or as a contact card.

The dimensional tolerances of the various holes/openings and of the components need to be close enough so that on a platen lamination all parts fuse together with no airspace or sinks in the outward appearance of the card.

As shown in the Figures, metal layer 30 has a cut out 36 formed in its top surface. The thickness/depth D1 of cut out 36 is made substantially equal to the depth of the IC module 7. The hole/opening 36 is machined through metal layer 30 dimensioned to receive module 7, which is secured therein, as by bonding. Module 7 contains a microprocessor chip 7 a (internally), a chip antenna 7 b and a contact pad 7 c. Pad 7 c is a conventional contact pad used in contact-type smart cards and is positioned to engage contacts in a card reader when the smartcard is inserted therein.

By design, plug 34 is substantially wider than module 7. Preferably, plug 34 extends at least 0.04 laterally beyond either side of module 7. This prevents the metal in substrate 30 from interfering with communication between the card and chip. However, the plug does not have to be wider than module 7 (i.e., its lateral dimensions need not be greater than those of the module).

Module 7 is positioned vertically within metal layer 30 so as to provide a contact pad 7 c along the top metal surface to realize the contact functions of the dual interface. Moreover, positioning module 7 on plug 34 which is made larger (though not necessarily so) in area than the module 7 makes it possible to decrease interference in the radio communication between module antenna 7 b and the booster antenna 47.

Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many additions, modifications, and substitutions are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

Alternatively, cards embodying the invention may be formed as shown in FIGS. 4, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5C and 6. These cards differ from those discussed above in that a plug is formed whose thickness is equal to the thickness of the metal layer. That is, there is no recessed pocket.

As shown in FIG. 4, a card formed in accordance with this aspect of the invention may include the following processing steps and structure:

-   -   1—A metal layer 30 is selected (as shown in step 1 of FIG. 4)         which is intended to serve as the top layer of a card 10. The         metal layer 30 has a top (front) surface 301 and a bottom (back)         surface 302 and a thickness (D) which may range from less than         0.01 inches to more than 0.02 inches. Metal layer 30 may have         the same characteristics and properties as metal layer 30 shown         and discussed above.     -   2—A hole 420 of depth D is formed in the metal layer 30 (as         shown in step 1 of FIG. 4). The lateral dimensions of the hole         are L2 and W2 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B). The hole 420 may be formed         in any known manner (e.g., casting or milling). The hole 420 may         be a regular or irregular solid cube, or a cylinder whose planar         projection in the horizontal plane may be a square, a rectangle         or a circle or an irregular shape. In the embodiment shown in         FIG. 4, the lateral dimensions [length (L2) and width (W2)] of         the hole 420 are respectively greater than the lateral         dimensions [length L1 and width W1] of the IC module as further         discussed below. Generally, L2 is greater than L1 (by at least         0.04 inches and W2 is greater than W1 (by at least 0.04 inches).         However, as noted above, L2 may be made equal to L1, and W2 may         be made equal to W1. The advantage of making L2 and W2,         respectively, larger than L1 and W1 is to provide greater         separation between the metal layer and the IC module and thus         enhance RF transmission and reception.     -   3—A plug 434 of any material like plug 34 which does not         interfere with RF transmission is formed or shaped to conform to         the dimensions of the hole 420 to fill the cut out region (as         shown in step 2 of FIG. 4). Plug 434 is processed and functions         to secure the IC module. The interior walls of the hole 420         and/or the exterior walls of the plug 434 is/are coated with a         suitable adhesive so the plug 434 adheres firmly to the walls of         the hole throughout the processing of the metal layer in the         formation of the card. The plug 434 may be made of any         thermoplastic material such as PET, PVC or other polymer or any         material such as epoxy resins and a ceramic.     -   4—As shown in step 3 of FIG. 4, an adhesive layer 42 is used to         attach a ferrite layer 44 to the back surface 302 of layer 30.         An adhesive layer 46 is used to attach a plastic (e.g., PVC)         layer 48 which contains and/or on which is mounted a booster         antenna 47 to the ferrite layer. Layers 42, 44, 46, and 48 and         the booster antenna 47 are formed in a similar manner as the         corresponding number components shown in FIG. 2 and serve the         same or similar functions.     -   5—The assembly comprising layers 30, 42, 44, 46 and 48 is         laminated to form a card assembly 350 (as indicated in step 3 of         FIG. 4).     -   6—A T-shaped hole/opening 436 is then formed through the plug         434. The hole 436 is formed by milling, drilling and/or any         other suitable means. The top portion 436 a of T-shaped hole 436         is formed to have lateral and depth dimensions to accommodate         the IC module. Where the dimensions of IC module 7 are L1 by W1         by D1 the top portion of 436 a will be formed to be just about         L1 by W1 by D1 to enable the IC module to be snugly inserted         within the hole 436 a and to be glued in place. The bottom         portion 436 b of the hole 436 formed in plug 434, (by drilling         vertically down about the center of the plug 434) extends         through the underlying layers 42, 44 and 46 and until layer 48,         as shown in step 4 of FIG. 4. The lateral dimensions of hole 436         b formed in plug 434 are made large enough to enable sufficient         RF signals to pass between booster antenna 47 and the IC chip         module 7 to enable RF communication to take place reliably. The         lateral dimensions of the hole 436 b formed in the plug 434 are         denoted as L3 and W3, where L3 and W3 are less than L1 and W1.         Note that making L3 and W3 less than L1, and W1, respectively,         results in the formation of ledges 438 which will provide         support for the IC module and keep it at its designed height of         D1 below the top card surface 301. The IC module 7 can be snugly         inserted and attached (glued) to the ledges 438 and the top         interior walls of the plug 434.     -   7—As shown in Step 5 of FIG. 4, IC module 7 which includes a         chip 7 a and a chip antenna 7 b and a set of contacts 7 c is         positioned within hole 436 a is glued in place.

FIG. 5A is an enlarged cross sectional diagram corresponding to step 4 of FIG. 4. FIG. 5B is a top view of a card showing the holes formed in the metal and the plug. FIG. 5C is a top view of a card showing the module 7 mounted and inserted in the top of the card. The smart metal card 10 can function as a wireless (contactless) card or as a contact card. Note that as shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C the hole portion 436 a has an inner edge 440. The plug has an outer edge 442. As is evident from FIGS. 5B and 5C, the IC module 7 will cover openings 436 a and 436 b. As a result there is a space/area 450 between edges 440 and 442 extending around the outer periphery of the IC module between the module 7 and the metal layer 30. The space/area 450 may be objected to on aesthetic grounds as it detracts from the continuous metal layer (except for the necessary module contact pad). However, it should be appreciated that the space area 450 may enhance RF transmission. The presence of space/area 450 and any depression or bump related to space 450 may be masked by the addition of a masking layer 470, as shown in FIG. 6. This may be acceptable in many instances. However, in instances where such a solution is still not acceptable or feasible, the solution is to revert to making cards as per the process steps shown in FIG. 2.

-   -   Thus, a problem with the smart cards formed in accordance with         the process shown in FIG. 4 is that a portion of a plug may be         seen. The portion of the plug may mar the continuous appearance         of the card and/or as a bump on the surface or as a depression.         This may be so, even if a masking (concealing) layer 470 is         formed over layer 30.

As taught and discussed with reference to FIG. 2, above, the spacing and any discontinuity in the metal surface (except for the IC module) are avoided by forming a recess pocket 32 in substrate 30 and filling the recess with a plug 34 which is not seen from the top of the card. Thus, In contrast to previous and other dual interface smart metal cards, the plug 34 does not appear as a bump on the surface or as a depression. It is not visible when the card is viewed from the outside. The process of FIG. 2 thus differs from the process of FIG. 4 where a through hole 420 is formed in the metal layer 30 and a plug 434 is formed which fills the hole 420.

However, it should be noted that in all the embodiments shown herein a plug is used to separate an IC module from a surrounding metal layer to promote RF transmission capability and the plug is also used to position and secure the IC module within the card. Openings for the plug and its positioning within the card are designed to maintain the exterior of the card flat and visually pleasant. 

What is claimed:
 1. A smart card comprising: a metal layer having a thickness (D) and first and second opposite surfaces; an opening in said metal layer extending for the thickness (D) of said metal layer; a plug of non-RF-impeding material and a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module mounted in said opening, the IC module having contacts configured for physical contact with a card reader, wherein the plug has a perimeter larger than a perimeter of the IC module; and at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug.
 2. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the perimeter of the IC module is square or rectangular.
 3. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the opening in the metal layer defines a square or rectangular periphery in at least one of the opposite surfaces.
 4. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the IC module is attached to the plug.
 5. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the contacts of the IC module are aligned with the first surface of the metal layer.
 6. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the IC module has at least one thickness (D1) that is less than the thickness (D) of the metal layer.
 7. The smart card of claim 6, wherein the at least one thickness (D1) includes a portion of the IC module not including a bottom end of the IC module.
 8. The smart card of claim 7, further comprising a hole beneath the plug that accommodates the bottom end of the IC module.
 9. The smart card of claim 7, wherein the bottom end comprises an epoxy blob that encapsulates a bottom side of the module.
 10. The smart card of claim 9, wherein the epoxy blob encapsulates an internal microprocessor chip.
 11. The smart card of claim 9, wherein the epoxy blob encapsulates a chip antenna.
 12. The smart card of claim 7, wherein the at least one thickness (D1) does not include a thickness of contact pads on the IC module.
 13. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the plug conforms to dimensions of the opening.
 14. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the IC module is isolated from the metal layer.
 15. The smart card of claim 14, wherein the IC module is electrically isolated from the metal layer.
 16. The smart card of claim 1, further comprising a booster antenna.
 17. The smart card of claim 16, wherein the IC module is isolated from the booster antenna.
 18. The smart card of claim 17, wherein the IC module is electrically isolated from the booster antenna.
 19. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the opening defines one or more walls in the thickness (D) of the metal layer, and the plug adheres to the one or more walls.
 20. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the plug comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: a thermoplastic material, a polymer, a curable resin, an epoxy, a ceramic, and tungsten.
 21. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the opening has multiple portions, each portion having different geometries.
 22. The smart card of claim 21, wherein the different geometries includes a first cut out region having a first perimeter for a first depth from a first surface of said metal layer, and a second cut out region extending from the first cut out region to the second surface of said metal layer and having a perimeter larger than the perimeter of the first cut out region.
 23. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the contacts of the IC module are positioned along a same horizontal plane as a top surface of the metal layer.
 24. The smart card of claim 23, wherein the contacts protrude from the top surface of the metal layer.
 25. The smart card of claim 24, wherein the at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug is disposed above the metal layer and has an exterior surface that forms an exterior surface of the card, and the contacts of the IC module are flush with the exterior surface of the at least one additional layer.
 26. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug is disposed beneath the metal layer.
 27. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug includes at least one layer not in contact with the plug.
 28. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug is disposed above the metal layer.
 29. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug is in contact with the plug.
 30. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug includes at least one layer disposed beneath the metal layer and at least one layer disposed above the metal layer.
 31. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the IC module is coupled to an antenna.
 32. The smart card of claim 31, wherein the IC module is inductively coupled to the antenna.
 33. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the IC module is coupled to an antenna, the plug comprises a polymer, the at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug includes at least one layer disposed beneath the metal layer in contact with the plug and at least one layer disposed above the metal layer and having an exterior surface, and the contacts of the IC module are flush with the exterior surface of the at least one additional layer.
 34. The smart card of claim 1, wherein the contacts of the IC module are generally flush with a top surface of the card.
 35. A smart card comprising: a metal layer having a thickness (D) and first and second opposite surfaces; an opening in said metal layer extending for the thickness (D) of said metal layer; a plug of non-RF-impeding material and a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module mounted in said opening, the IC module having contacts configured for physical contact with a card reader, wherein the plug has a perimeter equal to a perimeter of the IC module; and at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug.
 36. A smart card comprising: a metal layer having a thickness (D) and first and second opposite surfaces; an opening in said metal layer extending for the thickness (D) of said metal layer; a plug of non-RF-impeding material and a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module mounted in said opening, the IC module having contacts configured for physical contact with a card reader, wherein the IC module has at least one thickness (D1) that is less than the thickness (D) of the metal layer; and at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug.
 37. A smart card comprising: a metal layer having a thickness (D) and first and second opposite surfaces; an opening in said metal layer extending for the thickness (D) of said metal layer; a plug of non-RF-impeding material and a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module mounted in said opening, the IC module having contacts configured for physical contact with a card reader; at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug; and a channel formed in the plug from the IC module to the at least one additional layer.
 38. The smart card of claim 37, further comprising a booster antenna.
 39. The smart card of claim 38, wherein the at least one additional layer comprises a booster antenna layer.
 40. The smart card of claim 39, wherein the at least one additional layer comprises at least one intermediate layer between the booster antenna layer and the plug, the channel extends through the at least one intermediate layer, and the channel has a perimeter less than a perimeter of the IC module.
 41. The smart card of claim 40, wherein the at least one intermediate layer comprise a ferrite layer.
 42. A smart card comprising: a metal layer having a thickness (D) and first and second opposite surfaces; an opening in said metal layer extending for the thickness (D) of said metal layer; a plug of non-RF-impeding material and a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module mounted in said opening, the IC module having contacts configured for physical contact with a card reader, the opening in the metal layer having a first region extending to the first surface coextensive with at least one thickness (D1) of the IC module and a second region extending from the first region to the second surface of the metal layer, the first region configured to receive the IC module and the second region configured to receive the plug; and at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug.
 43. The smart card of claim 42, wherein the first region has a perimeter that is smaller than a perimeter of the second region.
 44. The smart card of claim 43, wherein the first region is disposed symmetrically relative the second region.
 45. A smart card comprising: a metal layer having a thickness (D) and first and second opposite surfaces; an opening in said metal layer extending for the thickness (D) of said metal layer; a plug of non-RF-impeding material and a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module mounted in said opening, the IC module having contacts configured for physical contact with a card reader, wherein the opening in the metal layer has a perimeter larger than the perimeter of the IC module, and the plug fills the opening in the metal layer, the plug having a first region with a cut out configured to accommodate the IC module, and a second region extending from the first region to the second surface of the metal layer; and at least one additional layer stacked relative to the plug.
 46. The smart card of claim 45, wherein the first region of the plug and the second region of the plug form a single, contiguous plug.
 47. The smart card of claim 45, further including a masking layer extending over a portion of the opening in the metal layer between the perimeter of the IC module and the perimeter of the opening.
 48. The smart card of claim 45, further comprising a booster antenna.
 49. The smart card of claim 48, wherein the at least one additional layer comprises a booster antenna layer and one or more intermediate layers interposed between the plug and the booster antenna layer, further comprising a channel disposed in the second region having a perimeter less than the perimeter of the IC module and extending through the one or more intermediate layers.
 50. A smart card comprising: a metal layer having opposite first and second surfaces; a first cut out region in the first surface of said metal layer, said first cut out region having a depth and a perimeter; a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module having dimensions configured to securely fit within the first cut out region; a second cut out region extending from the first cut out region to the second surface of said metal layer, said second cut out region having a perimeter larger than the perimeter of the first cut out region; and a plug formed of non-RF-impeding material secured within said second cut out region.
 51. The smart card of claim 50, wherein the perimeter of the second cut out region is disposed symmetrically relative to the perimeter of the first cut out region.
 52. The card of claim 50, further comprising a booster antenna.
 53. The smart card of claim 52, further comprising at least one layer stacked relative to the plug.
 54. The smart card of claim 53, further comprising a channel formed in the plug from the IC module to the at least one additional layer.
 55. A method of making a dual interface card having a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module having contacts, said IC module having a perimeter and at least one thickness (D1), the method comprising the steps of: providing a metal layer having a first surface and a second surface; cutting out a plug region in said metal layer starting from said second surface of said metal layer for a first distance from the second surface of said metal layer, said plug region having a perimeter larger than the perimeter of the IC module; disposing a plug formed of non-RF-impeding material within said plug region; cutting out a module region in said first surface of said metal layer overlying said plug region, said module cutout region disposed symmetrically with respect to the plug region and having a depth and perimeter coextensive with the perimeter and the at least one thickness (D1) of the IC module; and disposing said IC module within said module region.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the metal layer has a thickness (D) greater than the at least one thickness (D1) of the IC module.
 57. The method of claim 55, comprising aligning the contacts of the IC module with the first surface of the metal layer.
 58. The method of claim 55, further comprising disposing at least one layer stacked relative to the plug.
 59. The method of claim 58, further comprising forming a channel in said plug extending to the at least one layer.
 60. The method of claim 55, further comprising providing the card with a booster antenna.
 61. A method of making a smart card having a dual interface integrated circuit (IC) module having contacts, said IC module having a perimeter and at least one thickness (D1), the method comprising the steps of: providing a metal layer having a first surface and a second surface; forming a plug region extending from the second surface of the metal layer and having a perimeter equal to or larger than the perimeter of the IC module; disposing a plug comprising non-RF-impeding material within said plug region; forming a module region in said metal layer extending from the first surface to said plug region, said module region having a depth and perimeter configured to receive the IC module; and inserting said IC module within said module region and securely attaching said IC module to said plug.
 62. The method of claim 61, comprising disposing said IC module with the contacts of the IC module aligned with the first surface of the metal layer.
 63. The method of claim 61, wherein said metal layer has a thickness (D) greater than at least one thickness (D1) of the IC module.
 64. The method of claim 61, further comprising disposing at least one layer stacked relative to the plug.
 65. The method of claim 61, further comprising forming a channel in said plug extending to said at least one layer. 